3C資訊

Java規則引擎 Easy Rules

1.  Easy Rules 概述

Easy Rules是一個Java規則引擎,靈感來自一篇名為《Should I use a Rules Engine?》的文章 

規則引擎就是提供一種可選的計算模型。與通常的命令式模型(由帶有條件和循環的命令依次組成)不同,規則引擎基於生產規則系統。這是一組生產規則,每條規則都有一個條件(condition)和一個動作(action)———— 簡單地說,可以將其看作是一組if-then語句。

精妙之處在於規則可以按任何順序編寫,引擎會決定何時使用對順序有意義的任何方式來計算它們。考慮它的一個好方法是系統運行所有規則,選擇條件成立的規則,然後執行相應的操作。這樣做的好處是,很多問題都很自然地符合這個模型:

if car.owner.hasCellPhone then premium += 100;
if car.model.theftRating > 4 then premium += 200;
if car.owner.livesInDodgyArea && car.model.theftRating > 2 then premium += 300;

規則引擎是一種工具,它使得這種計算模型編程變得更容易。它可能是一個完整的開發環境,或者一個可以在傳統平台上工作的框架。生產規則計算模型最適合僅解決一部分計算問題,因此規則引擎可以更好地嵌入到較大的系統中。

你可以自己構建一個簡單的規則引擎。你所需要做的就是創建一組帶有條件和動作的對象,將它們存儲在一個集合中,然後遍歷它們以評估條件並執行這些動作。 

Easy Rules它提供Rule抽象以創建具有條件和動作的規則,並提供RuleEngine API,該API通過一組規則運行以評估條件並執行動作。 

Easy Rules簡單易用,只需兩步:

首先,定義規則,方式有很多種

方式一:註解

@Rule(name = "weather rule", description = "if it rains then take an umbrella")
public class WeatherRule {

    @Condition
    public boolean itRains(@Fact("rain") boolean rain) {
        return rain;
    }
    
    @Action
    public void takeAnUmbrella() {
        System.out.println("It rains, take an umbrella!");
    }
}

方式二:鏈式編程

Rule weatherRule = new RuleBuilder()
        .name("weather rule")
        .description("if it rains then take an umbrella")
        .when(facts -> facts.get("rain").equals(true))
        .then(facts -> System.out.println("It rains, take an umbrella!"))
        .build();

方式三:表達式

Rule weatherRule = new MVELRule()
        .name("weather rule")
        .description("if it rains then take an umbrella")
        .when("rain == true")
        .then("System.out.println(\"It rains, take an umbrella!\");");

方式四:yml配置文件

例如:weather-rule.yml

name: "weather rule"
description: "if it rains then take an umbrella"
condition: "rain == true"
actions:
  - "System.out.println(\"It rains, take an umbrella!\");"
MVELRuleFactory ruleFactory = new MVELRuleFactory(new YamlRuleDefinitionReader());
Rule weatherRule = ruleFactory.createRule(new FileReader("weather-rule.yml"));

接下來,應用規則

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // define facts
        Facts facts = new Facts();
        facts.put("rain", true);

        // define rules
        Rule weatherRule = ...
        Rules rules = new Rules();
        rules.register(weatherRule);

        // fire rules on known facts
        RulesEngine rulesEngine = new DefaultRulesEngine();
        rulesEngine.fire(rules, facts);
    }
}

入門案例:Hello Easy Rules

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.jeasy</groupId>
    <artifactId>easy-rules-core</artifactId>
    <version>4.0.0</version>
</dependency>

通過骨架創建maven項目:

mvn archetype:generate \
    -DarchetypeGroupId=org.jeasy \
    -DarchetypeArtifactId=easy-rules-archetype \
    -DarchetypeVersion=4.0.0

默認給我們生成了一個HelloWorldRule規則,如下:

package com.cjs.example.rules;

import org.jeasy.rules.annotation.Action;
import org.jeasy.rules.annotation.Condition;
import org.jeasy.rules.annotation.Rule;

@Rule(name = "Hello World rule", description = "Always say hello world")
public class HelloWorldRule {

    @Condition
    public boolean when() {
        return true;
    }

    @Action
    public void then() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("hello world");
    }

}

2.  規則定義

2.1.  定義規則

大多數業務規則可以用以下定義表示:

  • Name : 一個命名空間下的唯一的規則名稱
  • Description : 規則的簡要描述
  • Priority : 相對於其他規則的優先級
  • Facts : 事實,可立即為要處理的數據
  • Conditions : 為了應用規則而必須滿足的一組條件
  • Actions : 當條件滿足時執行的一組動作 

Easy Rules為每個關鍵點提供了一個抽象來定義業務規則。

在Easy Rules中,Rule接口代表規則

public interface Rule {

    /**
    * This method encapsulates the rule's conditions.
    * @return true if the rule should be applied given the provided facts, false otherwise
    */
    boolean evaluate(Facts facts);

    /**
    * This method encapsulates the rule's actions.
    * @throws Exception if an error occurs during actions performing
    */
    void execute(Facts facts) throws Exception;

    //Getters and setters for rule name, description and priority omitted.

}

evaluate方法封裝了必須計算結果為TRUE才能觸發規則的條件。execute方法封裝了在滿足規則條件時應該執行的動作。條件和操作由Condition和Action接口表示。

定義規則有兩種方式:

  • 通過在POJO類上添加註解
  • 通過RuleBuilder API編程

可以在一個POJO類上添加@Rule註解,例如:

@Rule(name = "my rule", description = "my rule description", priority = 1)
public class MyRule {

    @Condition
    public boolean when(@Fact("fact") fact) {
        //my rule conditions
        return true;
    }

    @Action(order = 1)
    public void then(Facts facts) throws Exception {
        //my actions
    }

    @Action(order = 2)
    public void finally() throws Exception {
        //my final actions
    }

}

@Condition註解指定規則條件
@Fact註解指定參數
@Action註解指定規則執行的動作

RuleBuilder支持鏈式風格定義規則,例如:

Rule rule = new RuleBuilder()
                .name("myRule")
                .description("myRuleDescription")
                .priority(3)
                .when(condition)
                .then(action1)
                .then(action2)
                .build();

組合規則

CompositeRule由一組規則組成。這是一個典型地組合設計模式的實現。

組合規則是一個抽象概念,因為可以以不同方式觸發組合規則。

Easy Rules自帶三種CompositeRule實現:

  • UnitRuleGroup : 要麼應用所有規則,要麼不應用任何規則(AND邏輯)
  • ActivationRuleGroup : 它觸發第一個適用規則,並忽略組中的其他規則(XOR邏輯)
  • ConditionalRuleGroup : 如果具有最高優先級的規則計算結果為true,則觸發其餘規則

複合規則可以從基本規則創建並註冊為常規規則:

//Create a composite rule from two primitive rules
UnitRuleGroup myUnitRuleGroup = new UnitRuleGroup("myUnitRuleGroup", "unit of myRule1 and myRule2");
myUnitRuleGroup.addRule(myRule1);
myUnitRuleGroup.addRule(myRule2);

//Register the composite rule as a regular rule
Rules rules = new Rules();
rules.register(myUnitRuleGroup);

RulesEngine rulesEngine = new DefaultRulesEngine();
rulesEngine.fire(rules, someFacts);

每個規則都有優先級。它代表觸發註冊規則的默認順序。默認情況下,較低的值表示較高的優先級。可以重寫compareTo方法以提供自定義優先級策略。

2.2.  定義事實

在Easy Rules中,Fact API代表事實

public class Fact<T> {
     private final String name;
     private final T value;
}

舉個栗子:

Fact<String> fact = new Fact("foo", "bar");
Facts facts = new Facts();
facts.add(fact);

或者,也可以用這樣簡寫形式

Facts facts = new Facts();
facts.put("foo", "bar");

用@Fact註解可以將Facts注入到condition和action方法中

@Rule
class WeatherRule {

    @Condition
    public boolean itRains(@Fact("rain") boolean rain) {
        return rain;
    }

    @Action
    public void takeAnUmbrella(Facts facts) {
        System.out.println("It rains, take an umbrella!");
        // can add/remove/modify facts
    }

}

2.3.  定義規則引擎

Easy Rules提供兩種RulesEngine接口實現:

  • DefaultRulesEngine : 根據規則的自然順序應用規則
  • InferenceRulesEngine : 持續對已知事實應用規則,直到不再適用任何規則為止 

創建規則引擎:

RulesEngine rulesEngine = new DefaultRulesEngine();

// or

RulesEngine rulesEngine = new InferenceRulesEngine();

然後,註冊規則

rulesEngine.fire(rules, facts);

規則引擎有一些可配置的參數,如下圖所示:

舉個栗子:

RulesEngineParameters parameters = new RulesEngineParameters()
    .rulePriorityThreshold(10)
    .skipOnFirstAppliedRule(true)
    .skipOnFirstFailedRule(true)
    .skipOnFirstNonTriggeredRule(true);

RulesEngine rulesEngine = new DefaultRulesEngine(parameters);

2.4. 定義規則監聽器

通過實現RuleListener接口

public interface RuleListener {

    /**
     * Triggered before the evaluation of a rule.
     *
     * @param rule being evaluated
     * @param facts known before evaluating the rule
     * @return true if the rule should be evaluated, false otherwise
     */
    default boolean beforeEvaluate(Rule rule, Facts facts) {
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Triggered after the evaluation of a rule.
     *
     * @param rule that has been evaluated
     * @param facts known after evaluating the rule
     * @param evaluationResult true if the rule evaluated to true, false otherwise
     */
    default void afterEvaluate(Rule rule, Facts facts, boolean evaluationResult) { }

    /**
     * Triggered on condition evaluation error due to any runtime exception.
     *
     * @param rule that has been evaluated
     * @param facts known while evaluating the rule
     * @param exception that happened while attempting to evaluate the condition.
     */
    default void onEvaluationError(Rule rule, Facts facts, Exception exception) { }

    /**
     * Triggered before the execution of a rule.
     *
     * @param rule the current rule
     * @param facts known facts before executing the rule
     */
    default void beforeExecute(Rule rule, Facts facts) { }

    /**
     * Triggered after a rule has been executed successfully.
     *
     * @param rule the current rule
     * @param facts known facts after executing the rule
     */
    default void onSuccess(Rule rule, Facts facts) { }

    /**
     * Triggered after a rule has failed.
     *
     * @param rule the current rule
     * @param facts known facts after executing the rule
     * @param exception the exception thrown when attempting to execute the rule
     */
    default void onFailure(Rule rule, Facts facts, Exception exception) { }

}

3.  示例

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>com.cjs.example</groupId>
    <artifactId>easy-rules-quickstart</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.jeasy</groupId>
            <artifactId>easy-rules-core</artifactId>
            <version>4.0.0</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.jeasy</groupId>
            <artifactId>easy-rules-support</artifactId>
            <version>4.0.0</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.jeasy</groupId>
            <artifactId>easy-rules-mvel</artifactId>
            <version>4.0.0</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>slf4j-simple</artifactId>
            <version>1.7.30</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</project>

4.  擴展

規則本質上是一個函數,如y=f(x1,x2,..,xn)

規則引擎就是為了解決業務代碼和業務規則分離的引擎,是一種嵌入在應用程序中的組件,實現了將業務決策從應用程序代碼中分離。

還有一種常見的方式是Java+Groovy來實現,Java內嵌Groovy腳本引擎進行業務規則剝離。

https://github.com/j-easy/easy-rules/wiki

 

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